1.  "Psychologist Leon Festinger reported a similar outcome from a study of audience evaluation of the surgeon general's warning on the hazards of cigarette smoking.  The more favorable each individual's attitude was toward smoking, as indexed by the number of cigarettes smoked each day, the less convinced he or her was that an actual link had been established between smoking and lung cancer (  )".

Figure 1

2.  "Imagine that you and a friend attend a speech by a leading political candidate.  Both you and your friend hold very strong but different views on a key issue that the candidate touches upon in the speech. When the speech is over, you discover the you and your friend have entirely different interpretation of what the candidate said
(  )".

3.  "A famous study of selective perception was reported by Hastorf and Cantril (1954).  They interviewed students from Princeton and Dartmouth colleges who had been shown a film of a controversial football game that had taken place between the two college teams.  Newspaper reports of the game pointed out that there had been considerable amounts of rough play by both sides but that Dartmouth had contributed more to this than Princeton.  Having watched the film of the game, the students were asked to say how many fouls each team had committed.  On average, the Dartmouth students attributed about as many fouls to each team (4.3 to their own team and 4.4 to the other) while Princeton students, on average, attributed far more fouls to their opponent's team than to their own (9.8 compared with 4.2) (  )".

4.  Foxall and Goldsmith cited Maier (1965) who stated that there was considerable variation in the perceptions of objectives and figures depending on the suggestions that shaped the observer's expectation.  Figure 2 demonstrates this principle at work.  Whether each of the four identical figures is seen as two X's, as an upright V superimposed on an inverted V, or as a W on top of an M depends on the suggestion of the various color schemes (  ).
 

Figure 2

5.  "In one of the earlier studies, subjects deprived of food for varying lengths of time were shown blurred pictures of food-related and household-related objects.  In periods of food deprivation ranging up to six hours, subjects reported they saw an increasing number of food-related objects as their hunger increased (  )".

Figure 3:  How many food-related items are in Figure 3?  Click the picture to see the answer.

6.  "Bruner and Goodman (1947) worked with a group of 10-year-olds and found that the poor children saw the coins as physically larger than did the rich children.  Presumably the greater value of the coins to the poor children influenced their perceptual mechanism, and they amplified the sizes (  )".